/* $OpenBSD: ascmagic.c,v 1.9 2008/05/08 01:40:56 chl Exp $ */ /* * Copyright (c) Ian F. Darwin 1986-1995. * Software written by Ian F. Darwin and others; * maintained 1995-present by Christos Zoulas and others. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions * are met: * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice immediately at the beginning of the file, without modification, * this list of conditions, and the following disclaimer. * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR * ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF * SUCH DAMAGE. */ /* * ASCII magic -- file types that we know based on keywords * that can appear anywhere in the file. * * Extensively modified by Eric Fischer in July, 2000, * to handle character codes other than ASCII on a unified basis. * * Joerg Wunsch wrote the original support for 8-bit * international characters, now subsumed into this file. */ #include "file.h" #include "magic.h" #include #include #include #include #include #ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H #include #endif #include "names.h" #ifndef lint FILE_RCSID("@(#)$Id: ascmagic.c,v 1.9 2008/05/08 01:40:56 chl Exp $") #endif /* lint */ typedef unsigned long unichar; #define MAXLINELEN 300 /* longest sane line length */ #define ISSPC(x) ((x) == ' ' || (x) == '\t' || (x) == '\r' || (x) == '\n' \ || (x) == 0x85 || (x) == '\f') private int looks_ascii(const unsigned char *, size_t, unichar *, size_t *); private int looks_utf8(const unsigned char *, size_t, unichar *, size_t *); private int looks_unicode(const unsigned char *, size_t, unichar *, size_t *); private int looks_latin1(const unsigned char *, size_t, unichar *, size_t *); private int looks_extended(const unsigned char *, size_t, unichar *, size_t *); private void from_ebcdic(const unsigned char *, size_t, unsigned char *); private int ascmatch(const unsigned char *, const unichar *, size_t); protected int file_ascmagic(struct magic_set *ms, const unsigned char *buf, size_t nbytes) { size_t i; unsigned char *nbuf = NULL; unichar *ubuf = NULL; size_t ulen; struct names *p; int rv = -1; const char *code = NULL; const char *code_mime = NULL; const char *type = NULL; const char *subtype = NULL; const char *subtype_mime = NULL; int has_escapes = 0; int has_backspace = 0; int seen_cr = 0; int n_crlf = 0; int n_lf = 0; int n_cr = 0; int n_nel = 0; size_t last_line_end = (size_t)-1; int has_long_lines = 0; /* * Undo the NUL-termination kindly provided by process() * but leave at least one byte to look at */ while (nbytes > 1 && buf[nbytes - 1] == '\0') nbytes--; if ((nbuf = calloc(1, (nbytes + 1) * sizeof(nbuf[0]))) == NULL) goto done; if ((ubuf = calloc(1, (nbytes + 1) * sizeof(ubuf[0]))) == NULL) goto done; /* * Then try to determine whether it's any character code we can * identify. Each of these tests, if it succeeds, will leave * the text converted into one-unichar-per-character Unicode in * ubuf, and the number of characters converted in ulen. */ if (looks_ascii(buf, nbytes, ubuf, &ulen)) { code = "ASCII"; code_mime = "us-ascii"; type = "text"; } else if (looks_utf8(buf, nbytes, ubuf, &ulen)) { code = "UTF-8 Unicode"; code_mime = "utf-8"; type = "text"; } else if ((i = looks_unicode(buf, nbytes, ubuf, &ulen)) != 0) { if (i == 1) code = "Little-endian UTF-16 Unicode"; else code = "Big-endian UTF-16 Unicode"; type = "character data"; code_mime = "utf-16"; /* is this defined? */ } else if (looks_latin1(buf, nbytes, ubuf, &ulen)) { code = "ISO-8859"; type = "text"; code_mime = "iso-8859-1"; } else if (looks_extended(buf, nbytes, ubuf, &ulen)) { code = "Non-ISO extended-ASCII"; type = "text"; code_mime = "unknown"; } else { from_ebcdic(buf, nbytes, nbuf); if (looks_ascii(nbuf, nbytes, ubuf, &ulen)) { code = "EBCDIC"; type = "character data"; code_mime = "ebcdic"; } else if (looks_latin1(nbuf, nbytes, ubuf, &ulen)) { code = "International EBCDIC"; type = "character data"; code_mime = "ebcdic"; } else { rv = 0; goto done; /* doesn't look like text at all */ } } if (nbytes <= 1) { rv = 0; goto done; } /* * for troff, look for . + letter + letter or .\"; * this must be done to disambiguate tar archives' ./file * and other trash from real troff input. * * I believe Plan 9 troff allows non-ASCII characters in the names * of macros, so this test might possibly fail on such a file. */ if ((ms->flags & MAGIC_NO_CHECK_TROFF) == 0 && *ubuf == '.') { unichar *tp = ubuf + 1; while (ISSPC(*tp)) ++tp; /* skip leading whitespace */ if ((tp[0] == '\\' && tp[1] == '\"') || (isascii((unsigned char)tp[0]) && isalnum((unsigned char)tp[0]) && isascii((unsigned char)tp[1]) && isalnum((unsigned char)tp[1]) && ISSPC(tp[2]))) { subtype_mime = "text/troff"; subtype = "troff or preprocessor input"; goto subtype_identified; } } if ((ms->flags & MAGIC_NO_CHECK_FORTRAN) == 0 && (*buf == 'c' || *buf == 'C') && ISSPC(buf[1])) { subtype_mime = "text/fortran"; subtype = "fortran program"; goto subtype_identified; } /* look for tokens from names.h - this is expensive! */ if ((ms->flags & MAGIC_NO_CHECK_TOKENS) != 0) goto subtype_identified; i = 0; while (i < ulen) { size_t end; /* * skip past any leading space */ while (i < ulen && ISSPC(ubuf[i])) i++; if (i >= ulen) break; /* * find the next whitespace */ for (end = i + 1; end < nbytes; end++) if (ISSPC(ubuf[end])) break; /* * compare the word thus isolated against the token list */ for (p = names; p < names + NNAMES; p++) { if (ascmatch((const unsigned char *)p->name, ubuf + i, end - i)) { subtype = types[p->type].human; subtype_mime = types[p->type].mime; goto subtype_identified; } } i = end; } subtype_identified: /* * Now try to discover other details about the file. */ for (i = 0; i < ulen; i++) { if (ubuf[i] == '\n') { if (seen_cr) n_crlf++; else n_lf++; last_line_end = i; } else if (seen_cr) n_cr++; seen_cr = (ubuf[i] == '\r'); if (seen_cr) last_line_end = i; if (ubuf[i] == 0x85) { /* X3.64/ECMA-43 "next line" character */ n_nel++; last_line_end = i; } /* If this line is _longer_ than MAXLINELEN, remember it. */ if (i > last_line_end + MAXLINELEN) has_long_lines = 1; if (ubuf[i] == '\033') has_escapes = 1; if (ubuf[i] == '\b') has_backspace = 1; } /* Beware, if the data has been truncated, the final CR could have been followed by a LF. If we have HOWMANY bytes, it indicates that the data might have been truncated, probably even before this function was called. */ if (seen_cr && nbytes < HOWMANY) n_cr++; if ((ms->flags & MAGIC_MIME)) { if (subtype_mime) { if (file_printf(ms, subtype_mime) == -1) goto done; } else { if (file_printf(ms, "text/plain") == -1) goto done; } if (code_mime) { if (file_printf(ms, "; charset=") == -1) goto done; if (file_printf(ms, code_mime) == -1) goto done; } } else { if (file_printf(ms, code) == -1) goto done; if (subtype) { if (file_printf(ms, " ") == -1) goto done; if (file_printf(ms, subtype) == -1) goto done; } if (file_printf(ms, " ") == -1) goto done; if (file_printf(ms, type) == -1) goto done; if (has_long_lines) if (file_printf(ms, ", with very long lines") == -1) goto done; /* * Only report line terminators if we find one other than LF, * or if we find none at all. */ if ((n_crlf == 0 && n_cr == 0 && n_nel == 0 && n_lf == 0) || (n_crlf != 0 || n_cr != 0 || n_nel != 0)) { if (file_printf(ms, ", with") == -1) goto done; if (n_crlf == 0 && n_cr == 0 && n_nel == 0 && n_lf == 0) { if (file_printf(ms, " no") == -1) goto done; } else { if (n_crlf) { if (file_printf(ms, " CRLF") == -1) goto done; if (n_cr || n_lf || n_nel) if (file_printf(ms, ",") == -1) goto done; } if (n_cr) { if (file_printf(ms, " CR") == -1) goto done; if (n_lf || n_nel) if (file_printf(ms, ",") == -1) goto done; } if (n_lf) { if (file_printf(ms, " LF") == -1) goto done; if (n_nel) if (file_printf(ms, ",") == -1) goto done; } if (n_nel) if (file_printf(ms, " NEL") == -1) goto done; } if (file_printf(ms, " line terminators") == -1) goto done; } if (has_escapes) if (file_printf(ms, ", with escape sequences") == -1) goto done; if (has_backspace) if (file_printf(ms, ", with overstriking") == -1) goto done; } rv = 1; done: if (nbuf) free(nbuf); if (ubuf) free(ubuf); return rv; } private int ascmatch(const unsigned char *s, const unichar *us, size_t ulen) { size_t i; for (i = 0; i < ulen; i++) { if (s[i] != us[i]) return 0; } if (s[i]) return 0; else return 1; } /* * This table reflects a particular philosophy about what constitutes * "text," and there is room for disagreement about it. * * Version 3.31 of the file command considered a file to be ASCII if * each of its characters was approved by either the isascii() or * isalpha() function. On most systems, this would mean that any * file consisting only of characters in the range 0x00 ... 0x7F * would be called ASCII text, but many systems might reasonably * consider some characters outside this range to be alphabetic, * so the file command would call such characters ASCII. It might * have been more accurate to call this "considered textual on the * local system" than "ASCII." * * It considered a file to be "International language text" if each * of its characters was either an ASCII printing character (according * to the real ASCII standard, not the above test), a character in * the range 0x80 ... 0xFF, or one of the following control characters: * backspace, tab, line feed, vertical tab, form feed, carriage return, * escape. No attempt was made to determine the language in which files * of this type were written. * * * The table below considers a file to be ASCII if all of its characters * are either ASCII printing characters (again, according to the X3.4 * standard, not isascii()) or any of the following controls: bell, * backspace, tab, line feed, form feed, carriage return, esc, nextline. * * I include bell because some programs (particularly shell scripts) * use it literally, even though it is rare in normal text. I exclude * vertical tab because it never seems to be used in real text. I also * include, with hesitation, the X3.64/ECMA-43 control nextline (0x85), * because that's what the dd EBCDIC->ASCII table maps the EBCDIC newline * character to. It might be more appropriate to include it in the 8859 * set instead of the ASCII set, but it's got to be included in *something* * we recognize or EBCDIC files aren't going to be considered textual. * Some old Unix source files use SO/SI (^N/^O) to shift between Greek * and Latin characters, so these should possibly be allowed. But they * make a real mess on VT100-style displays if they're not paired properly, * so we are probably better off not calling them text. * * A file is considered to be ISO-8859 text if its characters are all * either ASCII, according to the above definition, or printing characters * from the ISO-8859 8-bit extension, characters 0xA0 ... 0xFF. * * Finally, a file is considered to be international text from some other * character code if its characters are all either ISO-8859 (according to * the above definition) or characters in the range 0x80 ... 0x9F, which * ISO-8859 considers to be control characters but the IBM PC and Macintosh * consider to be printing characters. */ #define F 0 /* character never appears in text */ #define T 1 /* character appears in plain ASCII text */ #define I 2 /* character appears in ISO-8859 text */ #define X 3 /* character appears in non-ISO extended ASCII (Mac, IBM PC) */ private char text_chars[256] = { /* BEL BS HT LF FF CR */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, T, T, T, T, F, T, T, F, F, /* 0x0X */ /* ESC */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, T, F, F, F, F, /* 0x1X */ T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, /* 0x2X */ T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, /* 0x3X */ T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, /* 0x4X */ T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, /* 0x5X */ T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, /* 0x6X */ T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, F, /* 0x7X */ /* NEL */ X, X, X, X, X, T, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, /* 0x8X */ X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, /* 0x9X */ I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, /* 0xaX */ I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, /* 0xbX */ I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, /* 0xcX */ I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, /* 0xdX */ I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, /* 0xeX */ I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I /* 0xfX */ }; private int looks_ascii(const unsigned char *buf, size_t nbytes, unichar *ubuf, size_t *ulen) { size_t i; *ulen = 0; for (i = 0; i < nbytes; i++) { int t = text_chars[buf[i]]; if (t != T) return 0; ubuf[(*ulen)++] = buf[i]; } return 1; } private int looks_latin1(const unsigned char *buf, size_t nbytes, unichar *ubuf, size_t *ulen) { size_t i; *ulen = 0; for (i = 0; i < nbytes; i++) { int t = text_chars[buf[i]]; if (t != T && t != I) return 0; ubuf[(*ulen)++] = buf[i]; } return 1; } private int looks_extended(const unsigned char *buf, size_t nbytes, unichar *ubuf, size_t *ulen) { size_t i; *ulen = 0; for (i = 0; i < nbytes; i++) { int t = text_chars[buf[i]]; if (t != T && t != I && t != X) return 0; ubuf[(*ulen)++] = buf[i]; } return 1; } private int looks_utf8(const unsigned char *buf, size_t nbytes, unichar *ubuf, size_t *ulen) { size_t i; int n; unichar c; int gotone = 0; *ulen = 0; for (i = 0; i < nbytes; i++) { if ((buf[i] & 0x80) == 0) { /* 0xxxxxxx is plain ASCII */ /* * Even if the whole file is valid UTF-8 sequences, * still reject it if it uses weird control characters. */ if (text_chars[buf[i]] != T) return 0; ubuf[(*ulen)++] = buf[i]; } else if ((buf[i] & 0x40) == 0) { /* 10xxxxxx never 1st byte */ return 0; } else { /* 11xxxxxx begins UTF-8 */ int following; if ((buf[i] & 0x20) == 0) { /* 110xxxxx */ c = buf[i] & 0x1f; following = 1; } else if ((buf[i] & 0x10) == 0) { /* 1110xxxx */ c = buf[i] & 0x0f; following = 2; } else if ((buf[i] & 0x08) == 0) { /* 11110xxx */ c = buf[i] & 0x07; following = 3; } else if ((buf[i] & 0x04) == 0) { /* 111110xx */ c = buf[i] & 0x03; following = 4; } else if ((buf[i] & 0x02) == 0) { /* 1111110x */ c = buf[i] & 0x01; following = 5; } else return 0; for (n = 0; n < following; n++) { i++; if (i >= nbytes) goto done; if ((buf[i] & 0x80) == 0 || (buf[i] & 0x40)) return 0; c = (c << 6) + (buf[i] & 0x3f); } ubuf[(*ulen)++] = c; gotone = 1; } } done: return gotone; /* don't claim it's UTF-8 if it's all 7-bit */ } private int looks_unicode(const unsigned char *buf, size_t nbytes, unichar *ubuf, size_t *ulen) { int bigend; size_t i; if (nbytes < 2) return 0; if (buf[0] == 0xff && buf[1] == 0xfe) bigend = 0; else if (buf[0] == 0xfe && buf[1] == 0xff) bigend = 1; else return 0; *ulen = 0; for (i = 2; i + 1 < nbytes; i += 2) { /* XXX fix to properly handle chars > 65536 */ if (bigend) ubuf[(*ulen)++] = buf[i + 1] + 256 * buf[i]; else ubuf[(*ulen)++] = buf[i] + 256 * buf[i + 1]; if (ubuf[*ulen - 1] == 0xfffe) return 0; if (ubuf[*ulen - 1] < 128 && text_chars[(size_t)ubuf[*ulen - 1]] != T) return 0; } return 1 + bigend; } #undef F #undef T #undef I #undef X /* * This table maps each EBCDIC character to an (8-bit extended) ASCII * character, as specified in the rationale for the dd(1) command in * draft 11.2 (September, 1991) of the POSIX P1003.2 standard. * * Unfortunately it does not seem to correspond exactly to any of the * five variants of EBCDIC documented in IBM's _Enterprise Systems * Architecture/390: Principles of Operation_, SA22-7201-06, Seventh * Edition, July, 1999, pp. I-1 - I-4. * * Fortunately, though, all versions of EBCDIC, including this one, agree * on most of the printing characters that also appear in (7-bit) ASCII. * Of these, only '|', '!', '~', '^', '[', and ']' are in question at all. * * Fortunately too, there is general agreement that codes 0x00 through * 0x3F represent control characters, 0x41 a nonbreaking space, and the * remainder printing characters. * * This is sufficient to allow us to identify EBCDIC text and to distinguish * between old-style and internationalized examples of text. */ private unsigned char ebcdic_to_ascii[] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 156, 9, 134, 127, 151, 141, 142, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 157, 133, 8, 135, 24, 25, 146, 143, 28, 29, 30, 31, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 10, 23, 27, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 5, 6, 7, 144, 145, 22, 147, 148, 149, 150, 4, 152, 153, 154, 155, 20, 21, 158, 26, ' ', 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 213, '.', '<', '(', '+', '|', '&', 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, '!', '$', '*', ')', ';', '~', '-', '/', 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 203, ',', '%', '_', '>', '?', 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, '`', ':', '#', '@', '\'','=', '"', 195, 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', '^', 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 229, 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', 210, 211, 212, '[', 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, ']', 230, 231, '{', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, '}', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, '\\',159, 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255 }; #ifdef notdef /* * The following EBCDIC-to-ASCII table may relate more closely to reality, * or at least to modern reality. It comes from * * http://ftp.s390.ibm.com/products/oe/bpxqp9.html * * and maps the characters of EBCDIC code page 1047 (the code used for * Unix-derived software on IBM's 390 systems) to the corresponding * characters from ISO 8859-1. * * If this table is used instead of the above one, some of the special * cases for the NEL character can be taken out of the code. */ private unsigned char ebcdic_1047_to_8859[] = { 0x00,0x01,0x02,0x03,0x9C,0x09,0x86,0x7F,0x97,0x8D,0x8E,0x0B,0x0C,0x0D,0x0E,0x0F, 0x10,0x11,0x12,0x13,0x9D,0x0A,0x08,0x87,0x18,0x19,0x92,0x8F,0x1C,0x1D,0x1E,0x1F, 0x80,0x81,0x82,0x83,0x84,0x85,0x17,0x1B,0x88,0x89,0x8A,0x8B,0x8C,0x05,0x06,0x07, 0x90,0x91,0x16,0x93,0x94,0x95,0x96,0x04,0x98,0x99,0x9A,0x9B,0x14,0x15,0x9E,0x1A, 0x20,0xA0,0xE2,0xE4,0xE0,0xE1,0xE3,0xE5,0xE7,0xF1,0xA2,0x2E,0x3C,0x28,0x2B,0x7C, 0x26,0xE9,0xEA,0xEB,0xE8,0xED,0xEE,0xEF,0xEC,0xDF,0x21,0x24,0x2A,0x29,0x3B,0x5E, 0x2D,0x2F,0xC2,0xC4,0xC0,0xC1,0xC3,0xC5,0xC7,0xD1,0xA6,0x2C,0x25,0x5F,0x3E,0x3F, 0xF8,0xC9,0xCA,0xCB,0xC8,0xCD,0xCE,0xCF,0xCC,0x60,0x3A,0x23,0x40,0x27,0x3D,0x22, 0xD8,0x61,0x62,0x63,0x64,0x65,0x66,0x67,0x68,0x69,0xAB,0xBB,0xF0,0xFD,0xFE,0xB1, 0xB0,0x6A,0x6B,0x6C,0x6D,0x6E,0x6F,0x70,0x71,0x72,0xAA,0xBA,0xE6,0xB8,0xC6,0xA4, 0xB5,0x7E,0x73,0x74,0x75,0x76,0x77,0x78,0x79,0x7A,0xA1,0xBF,0xD0,0x5B,0xDE,0xAE, 0xAC,0xA3,0xA5,0xB7,0xA9,0xA7,0xB6,0xBC,0xBD,0xBE,0xDD,0xA8,0xAF,0x5D,0xB4,0xD7, 0x7B,0x41,0x42,0x43,0x44,0x45,0x46,0x47,0x48,0x49,0xAD,0xF4,0xF6,0xF2,0xF3,0xF5, 0x7D,0x4A,0x4B,0x4C,0x4D,0x4E,0x4F,0x50,0x51,0x52,0xB9,0xFB,0xFC,0xF9,0xFA,0xFF, 0x5C,0xF7,0x53,0x54,0x55,0x56,0x57,0x58,0x59,0x5A,0xB2,0xD4,0xD6,0xD2,0xD3,0xD5, 0x30,0x31,0x32,0x33,0x34,0x35,0x36,0x37,0x38,0x39,0xB3,0xDB,0xDC,0xD9,0xDA,0x9F }; #endif /* * Copy buf[0 ... nbytes-1] into out[], translating EBCDIC to ASCII. */ private void from_ebcdic(const unsigned char *buf, size_t nbytes, unsigned char *out) { size_t i; for (i = 0; i < nbytes; i++) { out[i] = ebcdic_to_ascii[buf[i]]; } }